原作者: Reis Thebault , Alex Horton and Lateshia Beachum
刊登在2020年2月28日的華盛頓郵報
While there is no vaccine for covid-19, preventive steps and
awareness are the best tools to prepare and protect yourself in the
event of an outbreak.
雖然沒有針對covid-19的疫苗，但預防措施和意識是在疫情爆發時做好準備和保護自己的最佳工具。
There are the exam gloves, the surgical masks, the dubious
supplements and the deceptive disinfectants. If unchecked Internet
information is any guide,there’s an inexhaustible list of products
you should buy to prepare for the spread of coronavirus in the
United States — which, according to U.S. health officials, appears
inevitable.
一次性乳膠手套、外科口罩、忽悠的保健品和誤導的消毒劑，
如果聽從未經核實的網絡信息，那麽您應該有一份長長的囤貨清單，為冠狀病毒在美國傳播爆發做好準備。根據美國衛生官員的說法，疫情爆發看起來是不可避免的。
But here’s the thing: The virus may be novel, but you really don’t
need to buy anything new orspecial to brace for it. The Washington
Post spoke to epidemiology experts, and they said the most
important aspect of preparedness costs nothing at all —calm.
但是，事實是：這種病毒盡管是是新的，但您實際上不需要為病毒的爆發購買任何新的或特殊的產品。《華盛頓郵報》采訪了流行病學專家，他們說，最重要的準備工作一分錢不用花
— 保持冷靜。
More than 60 people were confirmed to have the virus in the United
States, most of them evacuees from the Diamond Princess cruiseship.
On Friday, Oregon officials said a person in WashingtonCounty with
no recent history of travel or known contact with infected
peopletested positive for the illness, marking the third case of
unknown origin inthe United States and widening the scope of people
who should be tested forcovid-19, as the disease the virus causes
is called. The other two are in California.
在美國，有60多人確診患有新冠肺炎，其中大多數人是從鑽石公主號遊輪撤離的。上周五，俄勒岡州官員說，華盛頓縣有一個人經測試呈陽性，沒有旅行史或與感染者有已知接觸，這是美國第三例不明來源的病例，擴大了covid-19應檢測人群的範圍。另外兩個在加利福尼亞。
While the number ofU.S. cases is still low, experts say now is a
good time for individuals, businesses, health-care systems and
schools to reexamine their pandemic preparedness plans to make sure
they’re ready.
盡管美國的病例數仍然很少，但專家們說，現在是個人，企業，衛生保健係統和學校重新檢查其大流行防範計劃以確保已做好準備的好時機。
So here’s what doctors, researchers and the CDC say you can do now
— and in the event of a future outbreak — to prepare and protect
yourself.
以下是醫生，研究人員和疾病預防控製中心的建議，使您現在為萬一將來爆發的情況下做好準備並保護自己。
‘Don’t panic’
“不要驚慌”
Timothy Brewer is a professor of epidemiology and medicine at
UCLA’s Fielding School of Public Health and its David Geffen School
of Medicine, yet his central piece of adviceis not exactly
medical.
蒂莫西·布魯爾（Timothy
Brewer）是加州大學洛杉磯分校菲爾丁公共衛生學院及其戴維·格芬醫學院的流行病學和醫學教授，但他的核心建議並不完全是醫學方麵的。
“Don’t panic,” he said.“There’s no value in panicking or telling
people to be afraid. Don’t let fear and emotion drive the response
to this virus. That can be extremely difficult because it is new,
and we’re still learning about it, but don’t allow fear of what we
don’t know about the virus to overwhelm what we do know.”
他說：“不要驚慌。恐慌或告訴人們害怕沒有任何價值。不要讓恐懼和情緒主導對這種病毒的反應。這可能非常困難，因為它是新的，我們仍在研究它，但不要讓我們對未知病毒的恐懼淹沒我們所知道的內容。”
Brewer said it’s important to remember that covid-19 is a
respiratory disease, as is influenza,and while there’s not a
vaccine for it, there are tried-and-true ways to deal with this
type of illness — which we will cover here.
布魯爾說，重要的是要記住，covid-19和流感一樣都是呼吸道疾病，雖然沒有疫苗，但有針對這種疾病的可靠方法，我們將在這裏進行介紹。
Saskia V. Popescu is a senior infection-prevention epidemiologist
for a Phoenix-based hospital system. “The most important thing
right now is to remain calm,” she said. “Remember, we don’t have
that many cases in the U.S., and prevention strategies for this
coronavirus are not new. We’ve been doing them for years.”
Saskia V. Popescu是位於鳳凰城的醫院係統的高級感染預防流行病學家。她說：“目前最重要的是保持冷靜。”
“請記住，我們在美國沒有那麽多病例，這種冠狀病毒的預防策略並不新鮮。我們已經做了很多年了。”
The basics
基礎信息
A few minutes into a phone call with a reporter, Brewer paused,
coughed and then explained himself. “I’m currently recovering from
a non-covid respiratory virus,” he said.
在與記者打了電話幾分鍾後，布魯爾停了下來，咳嗽了一下，然後自我解釋。他說：“我目前正在從一種非混合型呼吸道病毒中恢複過來。”
But the precaution she took when fighting his influenza-like
illness are no different from what people should be doing every day
to stave off coronavirus and other respiratory diseases, Brewer
said.
但是布魯爾說，她在抵抗流感樣疾病時采取的預防措施與人們每天為預防冠狀病毒和其他呼吸係統疾病所采取的措施沒有什麽不同。
You have seen the guidance before: Wash your hands regularly. Cover
your nose and mouth when you sneeze. And when you’re sick, stay
home from work or school and drink lots of fluids.
您之前已經看過指導：經常洗手。打噴嚏時要掩住口鼻。當您生病時，請待在家裏並多喝水。
The CDC recommends washing with soap and water for at least 20
secondsafter using the bathroom, before eating and after blowing
your nose orsneezing. It also advises not to touch your eyes, nose
and mouth and to cleanobjects and surfaces you touch often — a
common household cleaner will suffice.
CDC建議在飯前便後以及擤鼻涕或打噴嚏後用肥皂和水清洗至少20秒鍾。它還建議不要觸摸眼睛，鼻子和嘴巴，並清潔經常觸摸的物體和表麵-普通的家用清潔劑就足夠了。
“These are all things you can do to prevent the spread of pretty
much any respiratory virus,” Brewer said.
And for the record,he added, he stayed home sick last week.
“I practiced what I preached,” Brewer said.
布魯爾說：“您可以采取所有這些措施來防止幾乎任何呼吸道病毒的傳播。”
他補充說，上周他病假在家。
布魯爾說：“我按我說的去做了。”
Keep the shopping cart light
不用大量購物
You probably don’t need to buy anything new, but if you’re already
on your way to the drug store, Brewer has some advice.
您可能不需要購買任何新東西，但是如果您已經在去藥店的路上，布魯爾提供了一些建議。
“Don’t go crazy,” he said. “You don’t need to go out and stock up
on lots of things.”
他說：“不要瘋狂購物。” “您不需要外出買很多東西囤積。”
And those surgical masks? If you’re not sick, you don’t need to
wear them — and you certainly don’t need to buy every box your
local pharmacy has in stock.
至於一次性外科口罩， 如果您沒有生病，則無需戴。當然，也不必把本地藥房有庫存買空。
“The main point of the mask is to keep someone who is infected with
the virus from spreading it to others,” Brewer said.
布魯爾說：“口罩的主要目的是防止感染了病毒的人傳播給他人。”
The CDC agrees, writing on its website: “CDC does not recommend
that people who are well wear a face mask to protect themselves
from respiratory diseases.”
疾病預防控製中心在其網站上寫道：“疾病預防控製中心不建議健康的人戴上口罩以保護自己免受呼吸係統疾病的侵害。”
Common surgical masks block the droplets coming out of a sick
person from getting into the air, but they are not tight enough to
prevent what’s already in the air from getting in.
普通的外科口罩可以阻止病人的飛沫進入空氣中，但是它們不夠緊，無法阻止空氣中的氣霧進入。
There are specialized masks — known as N95 masks because they
filter out 95 percent of airborne particles — that are more
effective, and some online retailers are sold out of them. But
there’s a problem: The masks are difficult to use without training.
They must be fitted and tested to work properly.
有專門的口罩（稱為N95口罩，因為它們可以過濾掉95％的空氣中的顆粒），效果更好，有些在線零售商售罄。但是有一個問題：口罩在未經培訓的情況下很難使用。它們必須配戴並經過測試才能正常工作。
“If you just buy them at CVS, you’re not going to do all that,”
Brewer said. “You’re not going to get it fit-tested, and you’re not
going to be wearing it properly, so all you’ve done is spend a lot
of money on a very fancy face mask.”
布魯爾說：“如果隻是在CVS上購買它們，就不會做所有這些事情。”
“您不會進行合適的測試，也不會正確佩戴它，因此，您所做的就是花很多錢買一個非常漂亮的口罩。”
The same goes for exam gloves, Brewer said, which can get
contaminated just like our hands. There’s no need for them if
you’re washing your hands properly and often, he said.
布魯爾說，乳膠一次性手套也是如此，它就像我們的手一樣會被汙染。他說，如果您經常正確地洗手，就不需要它們了。
If you’re itching to buy something, you can stick to the typical
respiratory-virus medicine: decongestants, anti-inflammatory drugs
and acetaminophen for fevers.
如果您實在想買點東西，可以買典型的呼吸道病毒藥物：減充血藥，抗炎藥和退燒藥。
‘Practice makes permanent’
習慣成自然
Popescu has had a bag packed since she was in graduate school — if
she didn’t have one, she said, she would feel like a bad
public-health-emergency advocate. She explained that one of the
best things you can do to prepare for any emergency, including a
coronavirus outbreak, is put together an emergency kit.
波佩斯庫自從讀研究生以來就帶著應急包。她說，如果沒有的話，她會覺得自己是一個糟糕的公共衛生應急倡導者。她解釋說，為應對任何緊急情況（包括冠狀病毒爆發），您可以做的最好的事情之一是準備應急包。
Hers contains a first-aid kit, flashlights, a space blanket, an
external battery for her cellphone, a change of clothes and extra
food for her dog. The CDC has a useful checklist for families.
她的應急包裏有急救包，手電筒，太空毯，手機外接電池，換洗衣服和狗食。CDC有一個有用的家庭清單。
It’s also important to have plans in place in case the outbreak
disrupts your daily routines, Popescu said. You should be asking
yourself: What if schools close for a week or two? What if there
are issues with public transportation? What if I have to work from
home or stay at work late?
You should have a plan for child care, for getting to work and for
feeding pets, she said.
波佩斯庫說，製定計劃也很重要，以防疫情爆發影響您的日常工作。您應該問自己：如果學校停課一兩個星期怎麽辦？如果公共交通出現問題怎麽辦？如果我必須在家工作或加班工作怎麽辦？
她說，你應該有一個托兒，工作和喂養寵物的應急計劃。
“A lot of preparedness is planning ahead of time,” Popescu said.
“Practice makes permanent. If I have a plan, that means I don’t
have to panic.”
波佩斯庫說：“很多準備工作要提前進行。” 習慣成自然。如果我有計劃，那就意味著我不必驚慌。”
And it’s good advice in general, she added, not just in the age of
coronavirus.
她補充說，這是一個很好的建議，不僅在冠狀病毒時代。
“This is a good reminder to go through your resources and your
plans so that, should it get more serious, you are not taken off
guard,” she said. “People think they need to go out and buy stuff,
but so much of it is just having a plan.”
她說：“這是一個很好的提醒，要仔細檢查您的資源和計劃，以便在情況變得更嚴重時，您不會措手不及。”
“人們認為他們需要出去買東西，但（為疫情做準備）大部分隻是做一個計劃。”
Be mindful of where you are
時刻注意自己身在何處
Health officials have stressed keeping your distance from people
who are sick, especially when it comes to respiratory viruses.
衛生官員強調要與病人保持距離，尤其是在呼吸道病毒方麵。
And because there is no medical solution for the coronavirus,
preventive steps and awareness are really the best tools at your
disposal, said Stanley Perlman, an infectious-disease expert at the
University of Iowa.
愛荷華大學的傳染病專家斯坦利·珀爾曼說，由於沒有針對冠狀病毒的醫學解決方案，因此預防步驟和認識確實是最好的工具。
It is worth considering limiting exposure to large groups,
especially during flu season.“Any congregation of people is a setup
for spreading an infectious agent,” he said.
值得考慮限製接觸大型人群，尤其是在流感季節。他說：“任何人的聚集都是傳播傳染媒介的條件。”
Most of us like to look at our smart phones and wear headphones,
but in confined spaces, such as mass transit, it’s important to
look around and see what’s going on, see where everyone’s hands are
going and make a mental note to wash up later.
我們大多數人都喜歡看智能手機和戴耳機，但是在狹窄的空間（例如公交）中，重要的是要環顧四周，看看發生了什麽，看看每個人的手在哪裏，並記下以後要洗手。
“We remember hand-washing at home but not when we get off a subway
or leave the grocery store,” Popescu said. She also recommends
avoiding the middle of a packed train car and doing your best to
turn away if someone is coughing nearby.
“我們記得在家裏洗手，但是當我們下地鐵或離開雜貨店時就不記得了，”波佩斯庫說。她還建議避免擠在火車車廂中間，如果有人在附近咳嗽，請盡力避開。
But awareness cuts both ways. While the United States is likely to
have more coronavirus cases, she said, it is important not to
panic. “Just because someone has the sniffles or has a cough, it
doesn’t mean they have the coronavirus,” she said. “There are a lot
of respiratory viruses.”
但是，認識是雙向的。她說，盡管美國可能有更多的冠狀病毒病例，但不要驚慌。她說：“僅僅因為有人聞鼻涕或咳嗽，並不意味著他們患有冠狀病毒。”
“有很多呼吸道病毒。”
Watch what you read
注意自己的信息來源
While the sr is spreading rapidly, so is misinformation about it.
Popescu and other experts call this an “infodemic,” and it can be
as harmful as any disease.
當病毒迅速傳播時，關於它的錯誤信息也在傳播。波佩斯庫和其他專家稱這為“信息病毒”，它可能與任何疾病一樣有害。
Hoaxes, lies and junk science about the coronavirus have swirled
online since the earliest cases were reported, mostly through
social media.
自從最早的病例被報道以來，有關冠狀病毒的惡作劇，謊言和垃圾科學已經在網上流傳開來，主要是通過社交媒體。
“People are more click-susceptible during these events because
there’s more info and people aren’t sure who to trust,” University
of Washington researcher Jevin West told The Post this month.
華盛頓大學研究員傑文·韋斯特（Jevin
West）本月告訴《華盛頓郵報》：“在這些活動中，人們更容易受到點擊的影響，因為有更多的信息，人們不確定要信任誰。”
Look to trust worthy sources, such as the CDC, the World Health
Organization and local health departments, to stay informed,
Popescu said — not the anonymous user doling out advice in Twitter
mentions.
波佩斯庫說，希望美國疾控中心，世界衛生組織和當地衛生部門等可信賴的消息來源保持最新狀態，而不是在Twitter中提及匿名用戶。
Avoid drastic financial decisions
避免衝動的財務決策
The frenzy over what the virus could mean for the global economy
caused the worst weekly loss for stocks since the 2008 financial
crisis. While some families might be concerned about money tied up
in the market, making drastic decisions is unnecessary, according
to Xi Chen, assistant professor of public and global health and
economics at the Yale School of Public Health.
疫情引起全球經濟自2008年金融危機以來股票的每周最大跌幅。耶魯大學公共衛生學院公共及全球衛生與經濟學助理教授習晨表示，雖然有些家庭可能擔心資金在股市上套牢，但沒有必要做出衝動的決定。
“The key thing is how long [the stock plunge] can last,” he said.
“If it’s short term, it might not affect the supply chain.”
他說：“關鍵是[股票暴跌]能持續多長時間。” “如果是短期的，則可能不會影響供應鏈。”
Chen pointed to severe acute respiratory syndrome, better known as
SARS, which affected 24 countries in Asia, Europe and North and
South America in the early 2000s, as a time when the market
suffered for about a quarter before recovering with very strong
growth.
陳指出，嚴重的急性呼吸道綜合症（又稱SARS）在2000年代初影響了亞洲，歐洲以及北美洲和南美洲的24個國家，當時市場遭受了大約四分之一的苦難，然後以非常強勁的增長恢複。
Don’t forget the flu shot
不要忘記注射流感疫苗
The coronavirus includes flu like symptoms, such as fever, cough
and shortness of breath, according to the CDC. Getting a flu shot
could easepeople’s concerns about the new virus and also help
health professionals, said Albert Ko, department chair and
professor of epidemiology and medicine at the Yale School of Public
Health.
美國疾控中心稱，冠狀病毒包括流感樣症狀，例如發燒，咳嗽和呼吸急促。耶魯大學公共衛生學院流行病學和醫學係係主任，教授艾伯特·科（Albert
Ko）說，接種流感疫苗可以緩解人們對這種新病毒的擔憂，並有助於衛生專業人員。
“The best thing people can do is get immunized for influenza to
free up services for people who come in with coronavirus,” he said,
noting that initial signs of illness for flu and coronavirus
closely mirror each other. “When we’re testing people [for
coronavirus], it reduces the noise about who has it.”
他說：“人們可以做的最好的事情就是接種流感疫苗，為患有冠狀病毒的人免費提供服務。”他指出，流感和冠狀病毒的最初發病跡象彼此非常相似。“當我們測試人們[冠狀病毒]時，它減少了有關誰感染它的噪音。”
Be kind
友善
On college campuses, at a music conservatory, in Chinese
restaurants, among the ranks of a famous dance troupe and on
streets every day, Asians have reported a rise in aggression, micro
and macro.
在大學校園，音樂學院，中餐館，著名舞蹈團中的人們以及每天在大街上的亞洲人，都有報告說，針對亞裔的侵犯，微觀和宏觀的都有所上升。
As the coronavirus has spread, so has anti-Asian prejudice.
隨著冠狀病毒的傳播，反亞裔的偏見也傳播了。
The WHO has urged government agencies to do what they can to
prevent discrimination against specific populations, since
stigmatization can fuel the spread of the outbreak by driving
marginalized individuals to hide infection and avoid seeking
treatment.
世衛組織已敦促政府機構盡一切努力防止對特定人群的歧視，因為汙名化可能通過驅使邊緣化的人隱瞞病情並避免尋求治療來助長疫情的蔓延。
“Remember to not let fear override your common humanity about how
you treat other people,” Brewer said. “Just remember we’re all in
this together. This is a virus. It does not think. It is not
planning. We shouldn’t be blaming our neighbors or our fellow
colleagues or people in the community because a virus happens to
exist and is spreading.”
布魯爾說：“請記住，不要讓恐懼淩駕於您對待他人的普通人性上”
“請記住，我們共同麵對疫情。這是一種病毒。它沒有思維。它沒有計劃。我們不應該因為病毒存在並且正在傳播責怪我們的鄰居，同事或社區中的人們。”
華客網：華盛頓郵報：在美國如何為冠狀病毒蔓延做準備